Reconstructing a Lost Holocaust Family

by

Carole Garbuny Vogel

This article was originally published in

Avotaynu:  The International Review of Jewish Genealogy, Volume XXII. No. 1, Spring 2006

For more than 25 years I have been trying to reconstruct the family of my grandfather, Dr. Moriz Löwy, a Viennese pediatrician. Moriz was part of a huge and close-knit extended Jewish family that had made the region of western Hungary and eastern Austria their home for more than 600 years. His ancestors had fled the Spanish Inquisition and in 1336 started the Jewish community of Mattersdorf, Hungary (now Mattersburg, Austria). In 1938, shortly after the Nazis seized power in Austria, my grandfather escaped with his wife and children, first to France than to England and the United States. Some of his relatives also found refuge outside of Nazi Europe, but most were stranded within.

I wanted to learn what happened to all of Moriz’s relatives who had been in Europe at the beginning of the Holocaust. But how could I identify and document the fate of more than a hundred people whose names I did not know and who had vanished without a trace? If survivors could be identified, how could I find them or their descendants? Göteborg, Havana, Jerusalem, Rio de Janeiro, and Shanghai were just a few of the places where family members initially had fled.

At first, I couldn’t even account for the whereabouts of Moriz’s own sister Frieda Löwy Sipser, who had survived the war, or of his mother who had perished. More than two decades later, I have not only documented their experiences but I have also discovered the fate of more than 330 Moriz’s relatives.

Starting the Research

Beginning in 1979, twenty years after my grandfather’s death, I contacted every surviving family member about whom I knew and pumped them for information. I diligently recorded names, places, and anecdotes, and always asked for contact information for other survivors or their children. In this way, I found branches of my family scattered all over the world: Argentina, Austria, Australia, Brazil, England, Israel, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, even in East Berlin in the then DDR. I also discovered that people who married into the family were sometimes more knowledgeable about the family history than blood relatives.

I was able to learn the identities of most of my grandfather’s aunts, uncles, first cousins, and some second cousins, and at least established whether or not they had been murdered. I learned that Moriz’s mother, Franziska Kohn Löwy, had perished in Theresienstadt concentration camp, and that his sister Frieda had been confined in a War Relocation Authority detention camp in Oswego, New York. (See: “Oswego, New York: Wartime Haven for Jewish Refugees,” published in Avotaynu, Winter 1998, for a detailed description of I how traced Frieda’s wartime prisons and sanctuaries in Italy, and with the help of the U.S. Embassy at the Vatican, located the Italian families who had hidden her from the Germans.)

After depleting family resources, I turned to Project Search: The Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Service run by the American Red Cross, and requested information on 39 specific relatives of Moriz’s who had perished. Project Search in turn contacted the International Tracing Service in Arolsen, Germany, which is the largest repository of Nazi documentation in the world. Project Search also queried the national Red Cross societies of Austria, France, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia on my behalf, and looked into other sources. Over the course of a few years, Project Search provided answers for about half the people on my list, including Moriz’s mother. It provided her birth date, last address in Vienna, the date of her deportation to Theresienstadt, and date of her death.

In the book Totenbuch Theresienstadt I: Deportierte aus Österreich (Death Book Theresienstadt I: Deportation from Austria) (Wien: Herausgeber: Jüdisches Komite, für Theresienstadt, 1971) I found more than a dozen family members who had been deported to Theresienstadt. Beit Theresienstadt, the Theresienstadt Martyrs Remembrance Association in Givat Chaim-Ichud, Israel, supplied photocopies of their inmate records. The records gave the transport number and arrival date in Theresienstadt and sometimes the date of death and cremation. In the cases where the victims were sent to their death at other extermination centers, the transport information was also noted.

Memorial to the Jews Deported from France by Serge Klarsfeld, (Paris: 1983) revealed that Moriz’s cousin, Dr. Ignatz Deutsch, had been deported to Auschwitz with his wife and 10-year-old daughter on September 9, 1942. All the victim information in Klarsfeld’s book and in the Theresienstadt records is now included in the Yad Vashem database.

Search for family took me to the metrical records of the Jewish community of Nagymárton (the Hungarian name for Moriz’s ancestral town, Mattersburg, Austria), which I accessed on microfilm through the (Mormon) Family History Library. Using the microfilms, I traced all the branches of Moriz’s family back to the late 1700s or early 1800s, and then forward again. The records ended in 1921 so I obtained a substantial picture of the family branches that had stayed in Mattersburg.

Many family members, however, had taken advantage of changes in Austrian law in the mid-1800s that permitted Jews to settle throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire instead of being restricted to a limited number of towns. Moriz’s paternal grandparents moved to Gloggnitz, and his maternal grandparents settled in Baden bei Wien, both in Lower Austria.

Collaboration with Other Researchers

In 1989, after learning that the synagogue in Baden was functions, I wrote a letter asking if anybody remembered my family. This was the beginning of a wonderful friendship with Thomas E. Shärf, the president of the Jüdischer Synagogenverein in Baden, the last remaining Jewish community in Lower Austria. Thomas was researching the Jews of Baden and could access local and national archives in Austria. I had photographs of the family, contact information, and the family history. We shared information freely. Although no synagogue records survive, in the Israelitische Kultusgmeinde Wien (IKG), the headquarters of the Vienna Jewish Community, Thomas located the Matrikel (vital record) books of the Jewish Community of Baden volumes I and II, (1837-78 and 1878-1937). Each book, a cross between a household registration book and birth register, provides birth information (not always accurate), as well as marriage and death records for Jews who had lived in Baden. Volume I has many gaps.

In the district court of Baden, Thomas found the Grundbuch (land book) for Baden so he was able to trace the history of the property owned by my family.

 Among Thomas’s many other incredible finds were the last will and testament of Moriz’s grandfather Jakob Kohn (1839-1927), and correspondence between Moriz’s brother Adolf Heinrich Löwy and the Nazi authorities in Austria. The latter dealt with the confiscation of the assets of the Bethaus (house of prayer) in Gloggnitz, the village in Lower Austria where Moriz had been raised and where his brother still lived. Adolf had already surrendered the savings book of the Bethaus to the Gloggnitz SA but requested in writing that the money in the account be used for a charity to benefit the needy people of Gloggnitz. This request generated much correspondence between the SA in Gloggnitz and various Nazi organizations in Vienna. Here is a translation of one of the memos:

6 October 1938

To: The Commissioner for the Reunification of Austria with the German Reich in Vienna

From: Hans Neich, SA office in Gloggnitz

The savings bank book has been brought to the Gloggnitz SA office by the Jew A. Löwy in the name of the Bethaus Gloggnitz. I was advised at the time by an assistant in legal matters of the Stillhalte Commission that divisions were not allowed to accept gifts from Jews. For this reason the SA office of Gloggnitz has returned the savings book to the Jew Löwy. After all, he cannot do anything with it, the account is frozen by the savings bank, and that is why it is possible to request the return of the book by the Jew immediately.  Please inform me if the SA is to confis­cate the book and forward it to you or not. 

Heil Hitler!

It took until January 15, 1940 for the case to be officially closed and the request denied. Thomas found these incredible Nazi-era documents in the in the Stillhaltekommissar files of the Archiv der Republik und Zwischenarchiv (Archive of the Republic) located in the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (Austrian State Archive) in Vienna.

I had another fruitful relationship with a researcher from another town in Lower Austria. Gerhard Milchram, a curator at the Jüdischen Mueseum der Stadt Wien (Jewish Museum of Vienna), who was writing the history of the Jewish community of Neunkirchen, the large town where Moriz’s uncle Simon Löwy had lived. Gerhard provided me with the names, birth dates, professions, and addresses of family members in Neunkirchen, including information on children. This was quite a feat because the local Nazis in Neunkirchen had deliberately set the town hall on fire near the end of the war. The resulting blaze destroyed the birth, marriage, and death records of the Jews of Neunkirchen and surrounding villages, including those of my grandfather’s immediate family and many of his Löwy cousins.

This feat, however, was a minor miracle compared to what followed: For many of the victims Gerhard identified the ghetto or concentration camp where he or she had been deported. For most of the survivors he was able to tell me to which country they had immigrated.

            The research efforts of both Gerhard and Thomas have resulted in the publication of two magnificent books: Heilige Gemeinde Neunkirchen: Eine jüdische Heimatgeschichte (The Holy Community of Neunkirchen: A Jewish Local History) by Gerhard Milchram (Wien: Mandelbaum Verlag 2000) and Jüdisches Leben in Baden: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Jewish Life in Baden: From Its Early Beginning until the Present) by Thomas E. Shärf (Wien: Mandelbaum Verlag 2005). A bonus for me is that my family is discussed in both, and Gerhard even devoted an entire chapter to the Löwy in Gloggnitz.

            Gerhard had found my name in JewishGen’s Family Finder (JGFF) (WWW.JEWISHGEN.ORG/JGFF). Even before connecting with Gerhard, The JGFF had already become one of my most valuable research tools. I had discovered it in its pre-website form, the Jewish Genealogical Family Finder, a comput­er database list published by Avotaynu that was distributed to all Jewish Genealogical societies and made available during the societies’ meetings. The JGFF provides the family names and towns researched by genealogists, along with contact information.

I have met several long-lost relatives using this amazing tool. The most profound interaction was from a man named Deutsch who been born in 1938 and survived the war in hiding in Belgium with his mother. His father survived Auschwitz, and after the family was reunited post-war they immigrated to Australia. The father refused to talk about the past and they had been able to locate only one other branch of the family. As far as Mr. Deutsch knew the rest of the entire extended family had been annihilated. Not only was I delighted to tell him that his father and my grandfather were second cousins, but I was able to trace the family back for him to the late 1700s, show him that he had relatives all over the world, and connect him with several other surviving branches of the family living in Australia. They held a family “round up” in his honor.

Archives in Vienna  

The IKG Wien is the repository for the birth, marriage and death records of the Vienna Jewish community. In 2005, I visited the archives and found the vital records for two- dozen relatives, including the marriage record of my grandparents and the birth records of their three children. Death records of four of Moriz’s distant cousins were especially useful because the death dates and last home address of the deceased were keys to unlocking information at other archives.

The Österreich Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library) holds microfilms of the Neues Wiener Tageblatt and the Neue Freie Presse, two newspapers in which Jewish families placed obituaries. Knowing the death dates allowed me to find the death notices for two of the cousins. These obituaries provided the names of the decedents’ surviving children and grandchildren.

At the Wiener Stadt und Landesarchiv (Vienna city archives), I needed the death date and last address of the deceased to locate probate records. Like death notices, probate records provided the names of survivors but were even more useful because they also gave the ages of all the children, included the addresses for some, and gave the names and places of residence of the other nearest relatives or heirs mentioned in the will. In this archive I also found Meldezettel (household registration records) for my grandfather and a few of his relatives. These Meldezettel showed every address where they had lived and when, furnished the birth date and place, profession, names of the spouse and children, religion, departure date and place, which in some cases were death or deportation dates. My grandfather’s record showed that he left Vienna for France in July 1938.

I visited the Österreichische Staatsarchiv Kriegsarchiv (Austrian war archive) and with the help of an extraordinarily helpful archivist I reviewed the Stellungslisten (enlistment registers) for the Burgenland Bezirk (military district) of Mattersburg. In 1868, a universal conscription had been instituted in the Austrio-Hungarian Empire and all able-bodied men, regardless of religion, were obligated to serve three years of active duty. (In 1912, the requirement for active duty was reduced to two years.) Starting with the birth year of 1867 and going into the early 1890s, there was a Mattersburg Stellungslisten for nearly every year.

The Stellungslisten contain far more than draft registration information. They supply the birth year and place, name of father (and sometimes the mother’s name, occasionally with the maiden name), occupation, information about the actual service of each soldier and more. The information in the Stellungslisten can be used as a compass to find other service records. From Moriz’s World War I service record, I learned that he had served beyond the call of duty and had been nominated for the Goldenes Kreuz (gold cross).

Many of the men listed in the Stellungslisten ledgers of Mattersburg were born elsewhere and/or lived in other places. The key to being listed was the father’s citizenship. From these records I was able to identify cousins of Moriz’s who had been born in Italy, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. It is unlikely that I ever would have discovered most of these individuals elsewhere.

Online Resources

The usefulness of the JewishGen website in Holocaust research cannot be overstated. In addition to the JGFF, JewishGen posts the Family Tree of the Jewish People (a searchable compilation of family trees of Jewish researchers), the JewishGen Holocaust Database (with more than a million entries related to Holocaust victims) the Yizkor Book Necrology Database (with more than 170,000 entries of victims), and much more.

The Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes (Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance [DÖW], www.doew.at) has a searchable database with more than 62,000 Shoah victims from Austria. This site is useful for finding family groups; parents and their children were typically herded into ghettos or dispatched to concentration camps together. Consequently, it is a depressing research vehicle to use. 

The most depressing but also most useful website for Holocaust research by far is the one sponsored by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem. (www.yadvashem.org) For nearly 50 years, Yad Vashem has been registering the names of Shoah victims in Pages of Testimony, which serve in lieu of gravestones for those who perished. To identify specific victims, Pages of Testimony are designed to provide personal details, such as parents’ names, date and place of birth, name of spouse and children, profession, residence before and during the war, as well as the fate of the individual. I have found far too many of my relatives in this memorial and sadly have discovered that often there is no Page of Testimony for relatives who were killed. The last step in reconstructing my family is to fill out a Page of Testimony for each victim.

Case Study

The following shows how I reconstructed the extended family of Moriz’s paternal grandmother Regina Österreicher Löwy (1822-1900), the daughter of Simon Moses Österreicher and Rosalia Holzer. In the metrical records of the Jewish community of Nagymárton/Mattersburg (which I accessed on FHL microfilm), I was able to identify only one sibling of Regina’s—Johanna Oesterreicher (1837- 1904). In 1868, Johanna married Jakob Goldberger, the son of Sebastian Goldberger, and had at least three children:

(1) Berta (Betti/Blumele) Goldberger was born in 1875, and at age 19 she married Heinrich (Chaim Yshai) Schotten, who was likely her cousin. He was the son of Samuel Schotten and Kati Oesterreicher.

(2) Katalyn Goldberger was born in 1879, and became the wife of Salamon Pollack in 1907.

(3) Simon Goldberger was born in 1871.

Blumele Goldberger and Chaim Schotten’s children

Blumele and Chaim were quite prolific. Beginning with the arrival of their son Jakob Schotten on 16 Feb 1896 and ending with the birth of their daughter Gizella on 24 Nov 1913, they apparently produced twelve children. All but two reached adulthood: Moritz (born 1904) died about a month after his first birthday, and Gizella, the youngest, died in 1916, at the age of 2½.[1] I had the sense that the Schottens adhered to Jewish tradition more closely than my more secularized grandfather, who had practiced family planning and fathered only three children.

I shared my list of Schotten names with my grandfather’s cousin, Joseph Spiegel, whom I had discovered in St, Louis a few years into my project. I figured that by the time of the Anschluss (annexation of Austria by Germany) in 1938, most of the surviving Schotten children would have been married and had young families of their own. I hoped that Joseph could tell me what had happened to the family and how to contact them. I didn’t anticipate his reply:

"The deportations in Vienna were going on fast and furious and my mother and [sister] Regina moved from one place to another. Mr. Schotten and his wife stayed in Vienna at that time. He had some connections to help people cross the border into Hungary and he approached my mother to avail herself of this help, but for a time she did not dare accept his offer. One day, Mr. Schotten warned my mother that to wait any further would jeopardize her existence. Regina and my mother left the next day. A Hungarian farmer's wife showed up and took them across the border...The sad part of the story is that Mr. Schotten got his own children across the border into Hungary but they were later deported and never heard from again. Chaim and Blumele Schotten were later deported to Theresienstadt but survived and lived in New York..."[2]

I cannot imagine anything more tragic than a parent losing a child, yet alone ten of them. Suddenly my hunt for long-lost relatives took on a most somber note and instead of planning a joyful family reunion I began the sad task of documenting the lives and deaths of the Schotten children. I was unable to make much progress until recently when Yad Vashem Pages of Testimony and other Holocaust records became available online. The happiness that I had experienced 20 years ago with the discovery of each new Schotten child in the Mattersdorf birth records was now being matched with the despair of finding proof of their murders.

Fate of the Schotten’s children:

1. The eldest daughter, Malvine Schotten, was born on 13 Sep 1898. She married Emanuel Lipshütz of Deutschkreuz, Austria, and they made their home in Mattersburg. During the Holocaust, they fled to France. Emanuel was captured in Paris and deported to Auschwitz on 22 Jun 1942. He perished there a few weeks later on 10 July 1942.[3] Malvine hid in southern France near the Spanish border with her teenage daughter Vera Lipshütz (born 1925). They were captured and deported to Auschwitz on 9 Sep 1942.[4] [5] Malvine had one daughter who survived the war and submitted pages of testimony for Malvine and Vera at Yad Vashem.[6] She gave her name and address as Herma Migliavacca of Milan, Italy, but I have been unable to contact her. Nevertheless, it was heartwarming to know that the Schottens had at least one grandchild who had survived.

2. The second daughter, Helene Schotten (born 11 Jan 1901) lived at Schmelzgasse 9, in Vienna during the Shoah, I learned her married name—Nichtburg—from the DÖW website and a Page of Testimony submitted in 1999 by Pnina Horowitz of Jerusalem who identified herself as a niece.[7] [8] From this I could not tell whether Pnina was a niece by blood or marriage. Helene’s son, Beno (Gershon Baruch) Nichtburg shared the same address as Helene but there was no information about Helene’s husband or other possible children.[9] At some point Helene and Gershon Baruch escaped to Hungary, undoubtedly with the aid of Helene’s father. The boy apparently died in an internment camp in Budapest. Helene was deported from Hungary to Auschwitz concentration camp on 5 July 1944.

3. Irma Schotten (born 12 May 1902) married Deszö (Desiderius) Weiss, and they made their home with their two children in the second district of Vienna, on Taborstrasse, the same street where my grandfather had lived. During the Holocaust, Irma, her husband, and daughter Hilda (born 1927), fled to Italy where they were interned in a labor camp in northern Italy by the Italian fascists. When the Germans took over northern Italy, the family was arrested and sent to San Vittore Prison in Milan. From there in 1944, they were deported to Auschwitz, where Deszö and Hilda died. [10] [11] Irma was transferred from Auschwitz to Stutthof concentration camp, where she perished.[12] A Page of Testimony by Pnina Horowitz revealed that Irma had a child who survived.[13] I don't know the child’s name or whereabouts during the war and I have been unable to reach Pnina for additional information. But at least I was able to deduce that Pnina was a blood relative of the Schottens.

4. Pnina also submitted a Page of Testimony for Janka Schotten, who was born on 16 Nov 1905.[14] Pnina apparently did not know Janka’s married name—Johanna (Chana) Schwartz—or that Janka/Chana had one son who survived the Holocaust, Yishai Schwartz. (More about Yishai later.) From the DÖW website I learned that Chana lived with her parents in Vienna during wartime, fled to Hungary (with the help of her father), and was deported to Auschwitz on 5 July 1944, the same day as her sister Helene.[15]

5. Esther Schotten (born 12 Dec 1907) was also remembered in a Page of Testimony submitted by Pnina, but the tribute did not include any mention of a husband or children, or Esther’s whereabouts during wartime.[16]

6. Zsofia Schotten (born 29 Apr 1910) also seemed to have disappeared without a trace but was remembered by Pnina who submitted a Page of Testimony for her.

Fate of the Sons

Although I had no trouble documenting the deaths of six of the Chaim and Blumele’s daughters, I could find no information on their sons. Was it possible that Joseph Spiegel had been wrong, that at least two or three of the Schotten children had survived the Shoah? I cast my nets wider, and I found Sigmund Schotten in the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) and found an exact match with his birth date—18 Nov 1899. I sent for his social security application, which he had filed on 1 Mar 1939, while living on Long Island. It showed that his parents indeed were Heinrich Schotten and Betty Goldberger. Sigmund died in December 1960.

Also listed in the SSDI was his brother, Ignatz Schotten (born 22 Jun 1897). Ignatz’s Social Security Application, which was filed in June 1950 from New York City, showed that at the time he was employed by a watch company near Times Square. So at least the Schottens were not completely bereft of close family. They had two sons to bolster their spirits when they moved to New York City after the war. Still unaccounted for were the Schotten’s oldest son, Jakob (born 16 Feb 1896) and second youngest daughter, Anna (born 3 Jul 1911).

While perusing Ancestry.com in September 2005 for more Schottens, I came across two message board postings of interest. One dated April 1999, was from a Jonathan Hall, seeking information about Irma Maria Schotten who had married Desiderius Weisz. A definite match for “my” Schotten family, but I worried that his email address might be obsolete.

The other posting, a response to Hall, had been placed only 3 weeks earlier by a Jonathan Burg. I sent Jonathan an email message and learned that he had never heard from Hall. This didn’t matter. Jonathan was a great-grandson of Chaim and Blumele and he held most of the answers I was seeking. His father, David Nichtburg, was one of Helene’s three other children who had all survived the war.

During my research I was amazed at the number of Schottens whose wartime address was listed as Schmelzgasse 9, the home of Chaim and Blumele in Vienna. I realized that having so many “guests” was not a matter of hospitality but of necessity forced upon the Schottens because of the severe shortage of housing for Jews created by the Nazis. Jonathan confirmed that the apartment had been extremely cramped, with 39-42 relatives. Some of them were the Schotten’s children and grandchildren. But also sharing these tight quarters were Chaim’s widowed sister Rosalia Holzer (born 1875) and two sons of Chaim’s other sister, Hermine Weiss. The first son, Josef Weiss (born 1897) stayed until his deportation to the Opole ghetto on 15 Feb 1941.[17] The second son, Max Weiss, lived there with his wife and five children (all under age 10) until the Nazis deported the family to the Izbica ghetto in Poland on 5 Jun 1942 [18] Deported with them was Gitta Schotten (born 1904), who might have been Josef’s wife.[19] The widow Holzer was deported to Theresienstadt on 21 Jun 1942, the same day that Chaim and Blume were sent there. Mrs. Holzer was later transferred to the Lodz Ghetto and her death.[20] [21]

According to Jonathan, two of Chaim’s sons-in-law were short time lodgers in the Schotten home: Kalman Schwarz, the husband of Chana, and Jakob Nichtburg, the husband of Helene. Both received permits to live in England. Kalman left in 1938, but Jacob waited for his wife to give birth to their fourth child; Ilse Nichtburg was born on 21 May 1939 and Jakob departed the next day.

In June 1942, Chana and her two young sons Yishai (born 1935) and Zvi Mayer (born 1937) became the first of the family to cross into Hungary with Chaim’s help. They joined Chana’s sister Sofia Kot who lived in the tiny village of Paks, near the Danube River about 120 km from Budapest. Helene Nichtburg and her four children followed shortly afterward. Another sister, Esther Weiss was married to the supervisor of a Jewish cemetery on the outskirts of Budapest. It is not known whether Esther Weiss had any children, but Sofia Kot had one daughter Chana. The rest of her children—all girls—had died very young from some kind of congenital defect.

            In October 1943, Helene Nichtburg, three of her children—David, Lici, and Ilse—and her nephew Yishai Schwarz were taken in a roundup of foreign Jews by Hungarian fascists. The Nichtburgs were placed in Szabolcs Tabor, a small internment camp inside Budapest, and Yishai was apparently placed in a ghetto elsewhere in Budapest. He has a dim memory of being cared for by Jews who worked for the Red Cross. Eventually, he was housed in a ghetto. In early 1944, Helene became so ill that she was hospitalized. After her discharge, instead of returning to Szabolcs Tabor, she rejoined her two sisters, Sofia Kot and Chana Schwarz in Paks. If this was a choice on Helene’s part, perhaps it was a fatal mistake.

In March 1944, the German Army occupied Hungary and deportations to Auschwitz soon followed. That July, all three sisters, as well as Chana’s younger son Zvi Mayer and Sofia’s daughter Chana, were deported to Auschwitz. Helene died shortly after arrival, as witnesses saw her in the line for the gas chamber holding onto the hands of small children, perhaps her niece and nephew. The fourth sister in Hungary, Esther Weiss, and her husband were either deported to Auschwitz or slaughtered in a massacre of Jews at the cemetery he had tended.

            Helene’s oldest child, Gershon Baruch Nichtburg, had contracted polio when younger and it crippled one of his legs. When he came to Hungary in 1942, he had enrolled in a Budapest Yeshiva. After the Yeshiva was shut down, he took a small job at the cemetery run by his uncle. In 1944, Gershon Baruch perished at age 13 or 14, either in the cemetery massacre or Auschwitz.

Helene Schotten Nichtburg with her son, Baruch, in happier times

 

The Germans began emptying the Szabolcs Tabor internment camp in March or April 1944. A group of Budapest aristocrats, sympathetic to the plight of the Jewish children, took advantage of old Hungarian laws protecting orphans and placed them in orphanages. Helene’s son David Nichtburg was placed in a boys’ orphanage and her daughter Lici was sent to an orphanage for girls. Later, David was transferred to the Budapest ghetto, which was eventually liberated by the Soviet Army. David then was returned to the boys’ orphanage.

Lici survived in the girls’ orphanage, and after the war was taken by a Zionist group to Cyprus via a circuitous route. Two years later, her father Jacob Nichtburg located her with the help of the International Red Cross. Fearful of the secular influence of the Zionists on his daughter, he insisted that Lici travel alone from Cyprus to join him in England. She arrived just before Sukkot, 1947.

            Ilse, the youngest of the Nichtburg children, was nearly five when her mother was hospitalized, and the girl had had been placed with foster parents. The foster parents took care of her until 1946 when the Red Cross found her, her brother David, and cousin Yishai Schwarz. After liberation, Yishai had walked from Budapest back to Paks with three friends. There they found elderly Mr. Kot, the father-in-law of Sofia, and stayed with him.

            Meanwhile, after their release from Theresienstadt, Chaim and Blumele Schotten returned to Vienna. In June 1946, they were reunited there with Ilse, David, and Yishai. The Schottens decided to reunite the children with their fathers in England. Along the way they visited their son Ignatz in Switzerland, where he had survived the war, and their oldest daughter Rosa (one daughter I hadn’t known about), in Paris. Rosa and her husband Simon Österreicher (a distant cousin of hers) had been expelled to France by the Nazis in 1938. They hid with their three children in Lyon and Marseille, even finding refuge at one point in a Catholic Church.

            Chaim and Blumele were reunited not only with their daughter Rosa Österreicher and her family, but with yet another grandchild—Hashy Lipshütz—the son of Malvine. Hashy had survived in Italy. The Schottens prevailed on him to take David and Ilse Nichtburg and Yishai Schwarz to England as the Schottens didn’t have a permit to enter the country. Neither did Hashy but in August 1946 he sailed with the children to Dover, England, where they were reunited with their fathers, and Hashy was sent back to France. Years later, Ilse and Yishai married and had three children. Lici (Alice) Nichtburg married Leibel Gelkopf and became the mother of two sons and five daughters. David changed his name to Burg, married, and had one son, Jonathan, who was able to complete the family history for me.

            I learned from Jonathan that Anna, the second youngest of the Schotten children, had escaped Hitler’s deadly net in 1938 by getting a permit to live in England. There she married Rabbi Yonah Balkind and raised three children. Sometime in 1946, Chaim and Blumele moved into Anna’s home in Manchester but she could not support them. So eventually for economics reasons, the Schottens moved to New York, where their son Sigmund had settled before the Holocaust. He had a wife and son. Ignatz, who never married, left Switzerland and established himself in New York. Chaim and Blumele moved in with him, and they were soon joined by their daughter Rosa Österreicher and her family.

Jakob Schotten, the eldest son, he survived the war in Italy. He had health problems though and died during heart surgery shortly after the war. It was his daughter, Pnina, who had settled in Jerusalem and submitted pages of testimony to Yad Vashem for his siblings. Jakob also had two other children who lived in Israel.

By the mid-1950s, Blume and Chaim had both died of natural causes. They were unable to see their family rebuild itself. Now more than fifty years later there are dozens of Schotten descendants live just in New York City alone.

Heinrich Schotten and Betti Goldberger Schotten after the war

Fate of the Family of Katalyn Goldberger and Salamon Pollack

The second of the known children of Johanna Österreicher and Jakob Goldberger was Katalyn Goldberger. I could not find Katalyn or her husband, Salamon Pollack, in any of the records of Austrian victims, but from their marriage record I knew that Salamon had been born in Pozsony (Bratislava), Czechoslovakia, in 1883. I also knew that Jews had been desperate to flee Nazi Austria, so I had hunch that Salamon and his family had returned to his hometown during the Shoah. This proved correct. A Salamon Pollak, born in Galanta, Bratislava in 1883, and his wife Katarina Pollack born in 1879 in Papa, Hungary, were deported from the Zilina transit station in Czechoslovakia to Auschwitz on 24 Jul 1942.[22]

Deported to Auschwitz from the same location exactly one week earlier was a Jakob Pollak, together with his wife, Hermina, and their young sons Henrich Pollack (born 1933) and Siegfried Pollak (born 1938).[23] An entry in the Death Books from Auschwitz: Remnants showed that Jakob Pollak (born in Rajka, Hungary on 21 Mar 1908) was the son of Salamon Pollak and Katherine Goldberger.[24]

Hermina and the boys were probably gassed close to their arrival in Auschwitz but Jakob survived for two months, dying on 24 Sep 1942. I don’t know whether Jakob had any siblings or not. Since no one left a Page of Testimony at Yad Vashem for any members of this family, it is likely that if Jakob had siblings, they were killed too.

Simon Goldberger, His Wife and Daughters

The last of the known children of Johanna Oesterreicher and Jakob Goldberger was Simon Goldberger. I first learned about him from Joseph Spiegel’s sister Olga Spiegel Fleisher, who remembered Simon and his family from her childhood in Vienna. "I knew the family well,” she wrote me. “His two daughters were very good friends of [your grandfather’s sister] Frieda Löwy Sipser. One daughter was a religion teacher who married a music teacher. The other one married Herr Siegel, the owner of a printing and publishing company called Jahoda und Siegel. This company published the 'Fackel' by Karl Kraus.” Olga also recalled that Simon was a tailor and that he had survived Theresienstadt concentration camp.[25] 

            From Theresienstadt records, I learned that Simon Goldberger was born on 24 Aug 1871 in Kobersdorf, Austria, and during wartime had lived at Judenplatz 8 in Vienna’s first district. He was transported to Theresienstadt Concentration Camp on 25 September 1942, and managed to live to be liberated.[26] My trip to Vienna in September 2005 filled in more details. Meldezettel (household registration records) showed that Simon was a Vienna resident from 10 Aug 1904 until deportation to Theresienstadt on 24 Sep 1942. [27]  His wife, Johanna Breuer Goldberger died in the city on 15 Sep 1941. Their children were Rosa (born 1899) and Erna (born 1900). Rosa had married Israel Reiss.[28] She was deported to Theresienstadt on the same transport as her father, but on 4 Oct 1944 she was sent to her death in Poland.[29] I do not know the fate of her husband, sister, or any possible children.